1. Shahada (Faith)
The Shahada is the declaration of faith, proclaiming belief in the oneness of God (Allah) and the prophethood of Muhammad. The declaration is: "La ilaha illallah, Muhammadur rasulullah," meaning "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."
2. Salah (Prayer)
Salah is the ritual prayer performed five times a day by Muslims. These prayers are performed facing the Kaaba in Mecca and are meant to strengthen the bond between the worshiper and Allah. The five daily prayers are Fajr (dawn), Dhuhr (midday), Asr (afternoon), Maghrib (evening), and Isha (night).
3. Zakat (Charity)
Zakat is the obligation for Muslims to give a portion of their wealth to those in need. It serves as a means of wealth distribution and social welfare, and it is typically calculated as 2.5% of one's savings and wealth above a certain threshold. Zakat is intended to purify one's wealth and to assist those who are less fortunate.
4. Sawm (Fasting)
Sawm refers to the fasting observed by Muslims during the Islamic month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslims abstain from food, drink, smoking, and other physical needs during daylight hours as an act of worship and self-discipline. Fasting is meant to teach self-control, empathy for the less fortunate, and spiritual reflection.
4. Hajj (Pilgrimage)
Hajj is the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia that Muslims are required to undertake at least once in their lifetime if they are physically and financially able. It occurs annually during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah. The rituals of Hajj commemorate the actions of the Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his family and serve as a reminder of the unity of the Muslim ummah (community) worldwide.
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